¿Para qué sirve un CISO (aka responsable de seguridad)?
Cuando me preguntan en qué trabajo y contesto que soy responsable de seguridad, lo habitual es que me imaginen organizando a personas que controlan puertas y pasean por pasillos en busca de ladronzuelos.
Cuando digo que soy responsable de seguridad en una empresa de tecnología, lo habitual es que me imaginen evitando que nos roben los móviles, los portátiles o las teles.
Cuando digo que soy responsable de seguridad de la información, lo habitual es que no tengan ni idea de qué les hablo. Entonces les explico que mi tarea es proteger la información valiosa de la compañía contra ataques informáticos de gente mala, fugas de información, malware, … Es entonces cuando me miran con cara de asombro y me dicen «ah, que eres un hacker!!».
Pues no, no me considero un hacker y hago un inciso para explicar lo que yo entiendo por hacker. Me basaré en la definición dada por «The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF®)», muy del gusto de la comunidad de seguridad:
hacker – A person who delights in having an intimate understanding of the internal workings of a system, computers and computer networks in particular. The term is often misused in a pejorative context, where «cracker» would be the correct term.
Partiendo de la base de que considero un hacker a una persona apasionada de la tecnología que aprende constantemente con el objetivo de llevarla hasta el límite para poder mejorarla, no me considero hacker ya que no entro en la parte final de la definición. Quizás si un half-hacker, pero para mí los hackers de verdad son gente tan top como los ponentes habituales de los congresos de seguridad, los creadores de tecnología, los que sin formación académica terminan siendo muy importantes dentro de grandes empresas, …
Pero volviendo a lo del principio, al final siempre surgen dudas sobre las tareas que realiza un CISO o responsable de seguridad así que te voy a hacer un pequeño resumen.
El CISO o responsable de seguridad en la norma ISO 27.001
Ahora que estoy trabajando en el contenido del Máster de seguridad y continuidad de negocio del que voy a ser docente, concretamente en la parte relacionada con auditoría 27.001, estoy describiendo cómo no se da como obligatorio el nombramiento de un responsable de seguridad. El motivo es sencillo, la norma se puede ajustar a compañías de cualquier tamaño y las pequeñas normalmente no tendrán recursos para mantener una persona que se encargue únicamente de esas tareas.
Sin embargo, en empresas de más tamaño, es importante que exista esa figura para que pueda realizar las siguientes tareas:
- Conformidad:
- Desarrollar la lista de partes interesadas relacionadas con la seguridad de la información.
- Desarrollar la lista de requisitos de las partes interesadas.
- Permanecer en contacto continuo con autoridades y grupos de intereses especiales.
- Coordinar todos los esfuerzos relacionados con la protección de datos personales.
- Documentación:
- Proponer el borrador de los principales documentos de seguridad de la información, por ejemplo, Política de seguridad de la información, Política de clasificación, Política de control de acceso, Uso aceptable de activos, Evaluación del riesgo y metodología de tratamiento de riesgos, Declaración de aplicabilidad, Plan de tratamiento de riesgos, etc.
- Ser responsable de revisar y actualizar los documentos principales.
- Gestión de riesgos:
- Enseñar a los empleados cómo realizar la evaluación de riesgos.
- Coordinar todo el proceso de evaluación de riesgos.
- Proponer la selección de salvaguardas.
- Proponer los plazos para la implementación de salvaguardas.
- Administración de recursos humanos:
- Realizar comprobaciones de verificación de antecedentes de candidatos de trabajo.
- Preparar el plan de capacitación y concientización para la seguridad de la información.
- Realizar actividades continuas relacionadas con la sensibilización.
- Realización de capacitación de inducción sobre temas de seguridad para nuevos empleados.
- Proponer acciones disciplinarias contra empleados que realizaron la infracción de seguridad.
- Relación con la alta dirección:
- Comunicar los beneficios de la seguridad de la información.
- Proponer objetivos de seguridad de información.
- Informar sobre los resultados de la medición.
- Proponer mejoras de seguridad y acciones correctivas.
- Proponer presupuesto y otros recursos requeridos para proteger la información.
- Informar requisitos importantes de las partes interesadas.
- Notificar a la alta dirección sobre los principales riesgos.
- Informar sobre la implementación de salvaguardas.
- Asesorar a los principales ejecutivos en todos los asuntos de seguridad.
- Mejoras:
- Asegurarse de que se realizan todas las acciones correctivas.
- Verificar si las acciones correctivas han eliminado la causa de las no conformidades.
- Gestión de activos:
- Mantener un inventario de todos los activos de información importantes.
- Eliminar los registros que ya no se necesitan.
- Desechar los medios y equipos que ya no se usan de forma segura.
- Terceros:
- Realizar la evaluación de riesgos para las actividades a subcontratar.
- Realizar verificación de antecedentes para los candidatos de outsourcing.
- Definir cláusulas de seguridad que deben formar parte de un acuerdo.
- Comunicación:
- Definir qué tipo de canales de comunicación son aceptables y cuáles no.
- Preparar el equipo de comunicación para ser utilizado en caso de una emergencia o desastre.
- Gestión de incidentes:
- Recibir información sobre incidentes de seguridad.
- Coordinar la respuesta a incidentes de seguridad.
- Preparar evidencia para la acción legal después de un incidente.
- Analizar incidentes para evitar su recurrencia.
- Continuidad del negocio:
- Coordinar el proceso de análisis del impacto comercial y la creación de planes de respuesta.
- Coordinar el ejercicio y la prueba.
- Realizar una revisión posterior al incidente de los planes de recuperación.
- Técnico:
- Aprobar los métodos apropiados para la protección de dispositivos móviles, redes de computadoras y otros canales de comunicación.
- Proponer métodos de autenticación, política de contraseñas, métodos de cifrado, etc.
- Proponer reglas para el teletrabajo seguro.
- Definir las características de seguridad requeridas de los servicios de Internet.
- Definir principios para el desarrollo seguro de los sistemas de información.
- Revisar los registros de las actividades del usuario para reconocer el comportamiento sospechoso.
Básicamente, en esto consiste mi día a día. Pero no te voy a engañar, también me preocupa la gente que entra por la puerta o anda por los pasillos, sobre todo cuando vienen de visita…
Cuando tomas la decisión de convertirte en un profesional de la seguridad, como es mi caso, te das cuenta de que tienes que vivir en continua semi-paranoia para que no se te escape nada. Aunque mi visión de todo esto es siempre intentar que la seguridad sea lo primero, pero seguido muy de cerca por la usabilidad, ya que si les hago a mis compañeros el trabajo imposible, entonces mal vamos. En este sentido te recomiendo que le eches un vistazo a la entrada en la que cuento cómo ofrezco la seguridad a los departamentos vía API.
Espero haberte ayudado a comprender un poco mejor lo que hace un responsable de seguridad.
¡Hasta la próxima!
- GuardDuty: Un viaje a través del tiempo en AWS Security - 21 noviembre, 2023
- Webinar – Seguridad para familias - 11 enero, 2021
- SecurityInside Live: CISO Day 2020 - 17 septiembre, 2020
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